苦楝

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	Melia japonica
trad. (苦楝)		苦	楝
simp. ^#(苦楝)		苦	楝

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǔliàn

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄌㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² lin⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fù-lien / fú-lien

(Hailu, HRS): fu^ˊ lien^˖
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kou³ noe⁵ / kou³ loe⁵ / koo³ noe⁵ / kou³ ny⁵ / kou³ ni⁵
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-lēng / khó͘-lěng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǔliàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄌㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǔliàn
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu³-lien⁴
  - Yale: kǔ-lyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuuliann
  - Palladius: кулянь (kuljanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɛn⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    苦楝
    苦練 / 苦练
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: fu² lin⁶
  - Yale: fú lihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu² lin⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu² lin⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ liːn²²/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    苦楝
    苦練 / 苦练
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fù-lien
  - Hakka Romanization System: fu^ˇ lien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fu² lian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fu¹¹ li̯en⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fú-lien / fù-lien
  - Hakka Romanization System: fu^ˋ lien / fu^ˇ lien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fu³ lian⁴ / fu² lian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fu³¹ li̯en⁵⁵/, /fu¹¹ li̯en⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: fu^ˊ lien^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /fu²⁴⁻³³ lien³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kou³ noe⁵ [Phonetic: kou² noe⁵]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹³ nø¹¹/
- (Youyang)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kou³ noe⁵ [Phonetic: kou² noe⁵]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰou³³²⁻²⁴ nø²¹/
- (Jiangkou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kou³ loe⁵ [Phonetic: kou² loe⁵]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰou⁴⁵³⁻¹³ lœ¹¹/
- (Nanri)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: koo³ noe⁵ [Phonetic: koo² noe⁵]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ nø¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kou³ ny⁵ [Phonetic: kou² ny⁵]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔu³³²⁻²⁴ ny²¹/
- (Fengting)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kou³ ni⁵ [Phonetic: kou² ni⁵]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰou³³²⁻²⁴ ni²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Kinmen, Magong, Sanxia, Tainan, Yilan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-lēng
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-līng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qofleng
  - IPA (Kinmen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ³³/
  - IPA (Tainan, Yilan): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-lěng
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-lǐng
  - IPA (Lukang): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ³³/

Noun

苦楝

bead tree (Melia azedarach)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 楝 (“bead tree”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		楝, 楝樹, 苦楝, 苦楝樹
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	苦楝, 苦楝樹, 楝樹, 苦苓
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	苦楝子
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	苦楝子
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	楝樹
	Xi'an	苦楝子樹
	Xuzhou	楝棗子, 楝棗樹
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	苦楝子
	Wuhan	楝樹
	Guiyang	苦楝子
	Liuzhou	苦楝樹
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	楝樹, 苦楝樹, 苦楝
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	楝樹, 苦楝樹
Cantonese	Guangzhou	森樹
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	苦楝
	Macau	苦楝
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	森樹
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	苦楝
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	苦楝樹
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	森樹
	Foshan	森樹
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	森樹
	Foshan (Shunde)	森樹
	Foshan (Sanshui)	森樹
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	古楝
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	森樹
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	苦楝樹
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	森樹
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	森樹
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	森樹
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	苦楝
	Taishan	苦楝
	Enping (Niujiang)	苦楝
	Heshan (Yayao)	苦楝
	Dongguan	火楝樹
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	火楝樹
	Qingyuan	森樹
	Fogang	苦楝, 森木
	Yingde (Hanguang)	苦楝樹
	Yangshan	苦楝樹
	Lianshan (Butian)	苦楝
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	苦楝
	Shaoguan	苦楝樹
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	苦楝樹
	Renhua	苦楝樹
	Lechang	苦楝樹
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	苦林森
	Sihui	苦楝樹
	Guangning	火楝樹
	Deqing	森木樹
	Huaiji	火楝杵
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	苦楝
	Yunfu	苦楝森
	Xinxing	苦楝森
	Luoding	苦楝
	Yunan (Pingtai)	禾鐮樹
	Xinyi	苦楝木
Gan	Nanchang	苦楝子樹
	Lichuan	苦楝樹
	Pingxiang	苦楝子樹
Hakka	Meixian	苦楝樹
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	苦楝樹
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	苦楝樹
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	苦楝樹
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	鴨仔樹
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	苦楝
	Yudu	苦楝樹, 麻風樹
	Ruijin	苦楝樹
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	苦楝樹, 苦楝
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	苦楝
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	苦楝樹, 苦楝
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	苦楝樹, 苦楝
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	苦楝樹, 苦楝
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	苦楝樹, 苦楝
Huizhou	Jixi	苦楝樹
Jin	Taiyuan	苦楝樹
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	苦楝
Southern Min	Zhangzhou	楝少仔
	Taipei	苦楝
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	苦楝
	Kaohsiung	苦楝仔
	Yilan	苦楝
	Changhua (Lukang)	苦楝
	Taichung	苦楝仔
	Tainan	苦楝
	Hsinchu	苦楝仔
	Kinmen	苦楝
	Penghu (Magong)	苦楝
	Jieyang	苦楝
	Leizhou	苦楝樹
	Haikou	苦楝樹
Puxian Min	Putian	苦楝
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	苦楝
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	苦楝
	Xianyou	苦楝
	Xianyou (Fengting)	苦楝
	Xianyou (Youyang)	苦楝
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	森木
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	森木, 森木樹
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	苦楝根
Wu	Shanghai	楝樹
	Shanghai (Chongming)	楝樹
	Hangzhou	楝樹
	Ningbo	楝樹
	Wenzhou	苦楝樹
	Jinhua	楝樹
Xiang	Changsha	苦楝子樹

Derived terms

苦楝仔
苦楝子 (kǔliànzǐ)
苦楝樹 / 苦楝树 (kǔliànshù)
苦楝牛

References

李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “374 苦楝树”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 327.