背負う
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 背 | 負 |
| せ Grade: 6 |
お Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi | |
Compound of 背 (se, “back”) + 負う (ou, “to carry or bear something”).[1][2][3][4][5]
First cited in the early 1200s.[1]
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 背負う
| Plain | 背負う | せおう | [sèóꜜù] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 背負って | せおって | [sèóꜜttè] |
| Perfective | 背負った | せおった | [sèóꜜttà] |
| Negative | 背負わない | せおわない | [sèówáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 背負わなかった | せおわなかった | [sèówáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 背負えば | せおえば | [sèóꜜèbà] |
| Past conditional | 背負ったら | せおったら | [sèóꜜttàrà] |
| Imperative | 背負え | せおえ | [sèóꜜè] |
| Volitional | 背負おう | せおおー | [sèóóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 背負いたい | せおいたい | [sèóítáꜜì] |
| Formal | 背負います | せおいます | [sèóímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 背負いません | せおいません | [sèóímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 背負いましょう | せおいましょー | [sèóímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 背負いました | せおいました | [sèóímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 背負い 背負いに |
せおい せおいに |
[sèóꜜì] [sèóꜜì nì] |
| Negative continuative | 背負わず 背負わずに |
せおわず せおわずに |
[sèówáꜜzù] [sèówáꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 背負われる | せおわれる | [sèówáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 背負わせる 背負わす |
せおわせる せおわす |
[sèówáséꜜrù] [sèówáꜜsù] |
| Potential | 背負える | せおえる | [sèóéꜜrù] |
Verb
背負う • (seou) ←せおふ (seofu)?godan (stem 背負い (seoi), past 背負った (seotta))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "背負う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 背負わ | せおわ | seowa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 背負い | せおい | seoi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 背負う | せおう | seou |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 背負う | せおう | seou |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 背負え | せおえ | seoe |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 背負え | せおえ | seoe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 背負われる | せおわれる | seowareru |
| Causative | 背負わせる 背負わす |
せおわせる せおわす |
seowaseru seowasu |
| Potential | 背負える | せおえる | seoeru |
| Volitional | 背負おう | せおおう | seoō |
| Negative | 背負わない | せおわない | seowanai |
| Negative continuative | 背負わず | せおわず | seowazu |
| Formal | 背負います | せおいます | seoimasu |
| Perfective | 背負った | せおった | seotta |
| Conjunctive | 背負って | せおって | seotte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 背負えば | せおえば | seoeba |
Classical conjugation of "背負ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 背負は | せおは | seofa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 背負ひ | せおひ | seofi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 背負ふ | せおふ | seofu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 背負ふ | せおふ | seofu |
| Realis (已然形) | 背負へ | せおへ | seofe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 背負へ | せおへ | seofe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 背負はず | せおはず | seofazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 背負へど | せおへど | seofedo |
| Causal conjunction | 背負へば | せおへば | seofeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 背負はば | せおはば | seofaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 背負ひき | せおひき | seofiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 背負ひけり | せおひけり | seofikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 背負ひつ | せおひつ | seofitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 背負ひぬ | せおひぬ | seofinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 背負へり 背負ひたり |
せおへり せおひたり |
seoferi seofitari |
| Volitional | 背負はむ | せおはむ | seofamu |
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 背 | 負 |
| せお > しょ | |
| Grade: 6 | Grade: 3 |
| irregular | |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 負う (rare) |
Phonological shift from 背負う (seou) above,[1][2][3][4][5] as the /se/ sound was formerly pronounced more like /ɕe/, as recorded in the Nippo Jisho of 1603. This Japanese-Portuguese dictionary transcribes all instances of せ (se) using the then-current Portuguese orthography of ⟨xe⟩, where the ⟨x⟩ spelling indicated [ʃ], similar to the initial consonant sound in English shed.
- /ɕeou/ → /ɕjou/ → /ɕʲou/
This reading is first attested in a text from 1278.[1]
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 背負う
| Plain | 背負う | しょう | [shòú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 背負って | しょって | [shòtté] |
| Perfective | 背負った | しょった | [shòttá] |
| Negative | 背負わない | しょわない | [shòwánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 背負わなかった | しょわなかった | [shòwánáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 背負えば | しょえば | [shòéꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 背負ったら | しょったら | [shòttáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 背負え | しょえ | [shòé] |
| Volitional | 背負おう | しょおー | [shòóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 背負いたい | しょいたい | [shòítáí] |
| Formal | 背負います | しょいます | [shòímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 背負いません | しょいません | [shòímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 背負いましょう | しょいましょー | [shòímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 背負いました | しょいました | [shòímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 背負い 背負いに |
しょい しょいに |
[shòí] [shòí ní] |
| Negative continuative | 背負わず 背負わずに |
しょわず しょわずに |
[shòwázú] [shòwázú ní] |
| Passive | 背負われる | しょわれる | [shòwárérú] |
| Causative | 背負わせる 背負わす |
しょわせる しょわす |
[shòwásérú] [shòwású] |
| Potential | 背負える | しょえる | [shòérú] |
Verb
背負う • (shou) ←しよふ (syofu)?godan (stem 背負い (shoi), past 背負った (shotta))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "背負う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 背負わ | しょわ | showa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 背負い | しょい | shoi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 背負う | しょう | shou |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 背負う | しょう | shou |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 背負え | しょえ | shoe |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 背負え | しょえ | shoe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 背負われる | しょわれる | showareru |
| Causative | 背負わせる 背負わす |
しょわせる しょわす |
showaseru showasu |
| Potential | 背負える | しょえる | shoeru |
| Volitional | 背負おう | しょおう | shoō |
| Negative | 背負わない | しょわない | showanai |
| Negative continuative | 背負わず | しょわず | showazu |
| Formal | 背負います | しょいます | shoimasu |
| Perfective | 背負った | しょった | shotta |
| Conjunctive | 背負って | しょって | shotte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 背負えば | しょえば | shoeba |
Classical conjugation of "背負ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 背負は | しよは | syofa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 背負ひ | しよひ | syofi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 背負ふ | しよふ | syofu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 背負ふ | しよふ | syofu |
| Realis (已然形) | 背負へ | しよへ | syofe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 背負へ | しよへ | syofe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 背負はず | しよはず | syofazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 背負へど | しよへど | syofedo |
| Causal conjunction | 背負へば | しよへば | syofeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 背負はば | しよはば | syofaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 背負ひき | しよひき | syofiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 背負ひけり | しよひけり | syofikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 背負ひつ | しよひつ | syofitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 背負ひぬ | しよひぬ | syofinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 背負へり 背負ひたり |
しよへり しよひたり |
syoferi syofitari |
| Volitional | 背負はむ | しよはむ | syofamu |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 “背負”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “背負う”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- “背負う”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025