積む
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 積 |
| つ Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 積む
| Plain | 積む | つむ | [tsùmú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 積んで | つんで | [tsùńdé] |
| Perfective | 積んだ | つんだ | [tsùńdá] |
| Negative | 積まない | つまない | [tsùmánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 積まなかった | つまなかった | [tsùmánáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 積めば | つめば | [tsùméꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 積んだら | つんだら | [tsùńdáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 積め | つめ | [tsùmé] |
| Volitional | 積もう | つもー | [tsùmóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 積みたい | つみたい | [tsùmítáí] |
| Formal | 積みます | つみます | [tsùmímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 積みません | つみません | [tsùmímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 積みましょう | つみましょー | [tsùmímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 積みました | つみました | [tsùmímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 積み 積みに |
つみ つみに |
[tsùmí] [tsùmí ní] |
| Negative continuative | 積まず 積まずに |
つまず つまずに |
[tsùmázú] [tsùmázú ní] |
| Passive | 積まれる | つまれる | [tsùmárérú] |
| Causative | 積ませる 積ます |
つませる つます |
[tsùmásérú] [tsùmású] |
| Potential | 積める | つめる | [tsùmérú] |
Verb
積む • (tsumu) transitive godan (stem 積み (tsumi), past 積んだ (tsunda))
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 積む |
| mediopassive | 積もる |
Conjugation
Conjugation of "積む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 積ま | つま | tsuma |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 積み | つみ | tsumi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 積む | つむ | tsumu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 積む | つむ | tsumu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 積め | つめ | tsume |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 積め | つめ | tsume |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 積まれる | つまれる | tsumareru |
| Causative | 積ませる 積ます |
つませる つます |
tsumaseru tsumasu |
| Potential | 積める | つめる | tsumeru |
| Volitional | 積もう | つもう | tsumō |
| Negative | 積まない | つまない | tsumanai |
| Negative continuative | 積まず | つまず | tsumazu |
| Formal | 積みます | つみます | tsumimasu |
| Perfective | 積んだ | つんだ | tsunda |
| Conjunctive | 積んで | つんで | tsunde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 積めば | つめば | tsumeba |
Classical conjugation of "積む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 積ま | つま | tuma |
| Continuative (連用形) | 積み | つみ | tumi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 積む | つむ | tumu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 積む | つむ | tumu |
| Realis (已然形) | 積め | つめ | tume |
| Imperative (命令形) | 積め | つめ | tume |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 積まず | つまず | tumazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 積めど | つめど | tumedo |
| Causal conjunction | 積めば | つめば | tumeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 積まば | つまば | tumaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 積みき | つみき | tumiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 積みけり | つみけり | tumikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 積みつ | つみつ | tumitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 積みぬ | つみぬ | tuminu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 積めり 積みたり |
つめり つみたり |
tumeri tumitari |
| Volitional | 積まむ | つまむ | tumamu |
References
- “積む”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025