囲む
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 囲 |
| かこ Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 圍む (kyūjitai) |
Etymology
Pronounced かくむ (kakumu) in the Nara period, it was alternately pronounced かこむ (kakomu) since the middle of the Heian period. The shift to かこむ (kakomu) is likely due to influence from the verb 囲う (kakou), of similar meaning.
An alternate pronunciation かごむ (kagomu), with the medial /k/ becoming voiced to /g/, was formerly widely used, as recorded in the 史記抄 (shikishō) written in the Muromachi period.[1]
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 囲む
| Plain | 囲む | かこむ | [kàkómú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 囲んで | かこんで | [kàkóńdé] |
| Perfective | 囲んだ | かこんだ | [kàkóńdá] |
| Negative | 囲まない | かこまない | [kàkómánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 囲まなかった | かこまなかった | [kàkómánáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 囲めば | かこめば | [kàkóméꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 囲んだら | かこんだら | [kàkóńdáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 囲め | かこめ | [kàkómé] |
| Volitional | 囲もう | かこもー | [kàkómóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 囲みたい | かこみたい | [kàkómítáí] |
| Formal | 囲みます | かこみます | [kàkómímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 囲みません | かこみません | [kàkómímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 囲みましょう | かこみましょー | [kàkómímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 囲みました | かこみました | [kàkómímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 囲み 囲みに |
かこみ かこみに |
[kàkómí] [kàkómí ní] |
| Negative continuative | 囲まず 囲まずに |
かこまず かこまずに |
[kàkómázú] [kàkómázú ní] |
| Passive | 囲まれる | かこまれる | [kàkómárérú] |
| Causative | 囲ませる 囲ます |
かこませる かこます |
[kàkómásérú] [kàkómású] |
| Potential | 囲める | かこめる | [kàkómérú] |
Verb
囲む • (kakomu) transitive godan (stem 囲み (kakomi), past 囲んだ (kakonda))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "囲む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 囲ま | かこま | kakoma |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 囲み | かこみ | kakomi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 囲む | かこむ | kakomu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 囲む | かこむ | kakomu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 囲め | かこめ | kakome |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 囲め | かこめ | kakome |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 囲まれる | かこまれる | kakomareru |
| Causative | 囲ませる 囲ます |
かこませる かこます |
kakomaseru kakomasu |
| Potential | 囲める | かこめる | kakomeru |
| Volitional | 囲もう | かこもう | kakomō |
| Negative | 囲まない | かこまない | kakomanai |
| Negative continuative | 囲まず | かこまず | kakomazu |
| Formal | 囲みます | かこみます | kakomimasu |
| Perfective | 囲んだ | かこんだ | kakonda |
| Conjunctive | 囲んで | かこんで | kakonde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 囲めば | かこめば | kakomeba |
See also
- 囲う (kakou, “to enclose, cutting off from outside influences”)
References
- ^ “囲む”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- “囲む”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025