健

健	U+5065, 健 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5065

← 偤
[U+5064]

CJK Unified Ideographs

偦 →
[U+5066]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

健 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人弓大手 (ONKQ), four-corner 2524₀, composition ⿰亻建)

Derived characters

𮧨, 𨫡, 𮅿, 𩅋

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 111, character 11
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 875
Dae Jaweon: page 237, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 184, character 9
Unihan data for U+5065

Chinese

simp. and trad.		健
2nd round simp.		伣
alternative forms		徤

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 健
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Small seal script s05709
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (建) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
犍	ɡran, kan
騝	ɡran, kan
鍵	ɡran, ɡranʔ, *ɡanʔ
揵	ɡran, kanʔ
鞬	*kan
腱	kan, ɡans
湕	*kanʔ
建	*kans
旔	*kans
楗	*ɡanʔ
健	*ɡans

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡans): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 建 (OC *kans).

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)aː(r/l) (“solid, congealed, frozen, viscous, strong”), and cognate with Burmese ခဲ (hkai:, “to freeze”) (STEDT).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian⁴

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jiān

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): jiēn
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gin⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gen⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): qien¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khien / khian

(Meixian, Guangdong): kian⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): jie¹
Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̿ing
Eastern Min (BUC): giâng / giông
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyor⁵ / gyann⁵ / goeng⁵ / gyoeng⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiāⁿ / kiān

(Teochew, Peng'im): giang⁶ / giêng⁶ / gian⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ci
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jienn⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
  - Wade–Giles: chien⁴
  - Yale: jyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: jian⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɛn²¹³/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: jiān
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: jiēn
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): jien⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gin⁶
  - Yale: gihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gin⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: gin⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gen⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ken³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: qien¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khien
  - Hakka Romanization System: kien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khian
  - Hakka Romanization System: kian
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯an⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰian⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jie¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̿ing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyiŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giâng / giông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiɑŋ²⁴²/, /kyɔŋ²⁴²/

Note:

giâng - vernacular;
giông - literary.

Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gyor⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: giō̤ⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyɒ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gyann⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kỹã²¹/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: goeng⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gē̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœŋ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gyoeng⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyøŋ²¹/

Note:

gyor5/gyann5 - vernacular;
goeng5/gyoeng5 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiāⁿ / kiān
  - Tâi-lô: kiānn / kiān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvia, kien
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiã²²/, /kiɛn²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiã⁴¹/, /kiɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiã²²/, /kiɛn²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiã³³/, /kiɛn³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiã³³/, /kiɛn³³/

Note:

kiāⁿ - vernacular;
kiān - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: giang⁶ / giêng⁶ / gian⁷
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiăng / kiĕng / kiāⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiaŋ³⁵/, /kieŋ³⁵/, /kĩã¹¹/

Note:

giang6/giêng6 - literary (giêng6 - Chaozhou);
gian7 - vernacular.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ci
  - MiniDict: ci^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ji
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: jienn⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ẽ⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 健
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕian⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕian⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiã²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕiã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕiã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕiɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕiɛn³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕian¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕian²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕiĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕie̞³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕi³⁵/
	Suzhou	/d͡ʑiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑiẽ̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑi²²/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰie²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕiɛ⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕiẽ⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕiẽ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiɛn²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰian⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰien⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kin²²/
	Nanning	/kin²²/
	Hong Kong	/kin²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kian²²/ /kiã²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kyɔŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kyiŋ³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kiaŋ³⁵/ /kiã³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kin³⁵/

Middle Chinese: gjonH

Rime
Character	健
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	元 (65)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠建切
Baxter	gjonH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɐn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨan^H/
Li Rong	/ɡiɐn^H/
Wang Li	/ɡĭɐn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gɨ̯ɐn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gin⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡans/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	健
Reading #	1/1
No.	6224
Phonetic component	建
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	健
Old Chinese	/*ɡans/

Definitions

健

strong; robust; vigorous
healthy; in good health
健康 ― jiànkāng ― health; healthy; sound
adeptly; energetically
a surname

Compounds

伉健
保健 (bǎojiàn)
保健操 (bǎojiàncāo)
保健物理
保健粉筆 / 保健粉笔
健仰
健保 (jiànbǎo)
健保卡
健兒 / 健儿 (jiàn'ér)
健兒門診 / 健儿门诊
健全 (jiànquán)
健力
健力舞
健力運動 / 健力运动
健吏
健在 (jiànzài)
健壯 / 健壮 (jiànzhuàng)
健婦 / 健妇
健存
健實 / 健实
健將 / 健将 (jiànjiàng)
健康 (jiànkāng)
健康保險 / 健康保险 (jiànkāng bǎoxiǎn)
健康教育
健康檢查 / 健康检查
健康襪 / 健康袜
健康醋
健康食品 (jiànkāng shípǐn)
健忘 (jiànwàng)
健忘症 (jiànwàngzhèng)
健捷
健旺 (jiànwàng)
健朗 (jiànlǎng)
健檢 / 健检 (jiànjiǎn)
健步 (jiànbù)
健步如飛 / 健步如飞 (jiànbùrúfēi)
健水
健浪
健碩 / 健硕 (jiànshuò)
健筆 / 健笔
健美 (jiànměi)
健美操
健美褲 / 健美裤
健美運動 / 健美运动 (jiànměi yùndòng)
健羨 / 健羡
健胃
健胃劑 / 健胃剂
健胸
健舞
健行 (jiànxíng)
健訟 / 健讼
健談 / 健谈 (jiàntán)
健起
健身 (jiànshēn)
健身房 (jiànshēnfáng)
健身院
優生保健 / 优生保健
全民健保
凌雲健筆 / 凌云健笔
刁健訟棍 / 刁健讼棍
剛健 / 刚健 (gāngjiàn)
勇健 (yǒngjiàn)
四健會 / 四健会
壯健 / 壮健 (zhuàngjiàn)
官健
尖齊圓健 / 尖齐圆健
康健 (kāngjiàn)
強健 / 强健 (qiángjiàn)
復健 / 复健 (fùjiàn)
復健中心 / 复健中心
復健醫學 / 复健医学
心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng)
爽健 (shuǎngjiàn)
矯健 / 矫健 (jiǎojiàn)
神爽體健 / 神爽体健
積健為雄 / 积健为雄
穩健 / 稳健 (wěnjiàn)
身輕體健 / 身轻体健
輕健 / 轻健 (qīngjiàn)
雅健
雄健 (xióngjiàn)
頑健 / 顽健
馬前健 / 马前健

Japanese

Kanji

健

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

strong, robust, healthy
strength

Readings

Go-on: ごん (gon)
Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
Kun: すこやか (sukoyaka, 健やか, Jōyō)、たけし (takeshi, 健し)、したたか (shitataka, 健か)

Compounds

健康(けんこう) (kenkō): health
健全(けんぜん) (kenzen)
健闘(けんとう) (kentō): good fight, strenuous effort

Proper noun

健(けん) • (Ken)

a male given name

Proper noun

健(たけし) • (Takeshi)

a male given name

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 健 (MC gjonH).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean 껀〮 (Yale: kkén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 건 (ken) (Yale: ken) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kɘ(ː)n]
Phonetic hangul: [건(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

健 (eumhun 굳셀 건 (gutsel geon))
健 (eumhun 건강할 건 (geon'ganghal geon))

hanja form^? of 건 (“strong; firm”)
hanja form^? of 건 (“used to form nouns related to health”)

Compounds

강건 (剛健, ganggeon)
강건 (康健, ganggeon)
건각 (健脚, geon'gak)
건강 (健康, geon'gang)
건경 (健勁, geon'gyeong)
건담 (健啖, geondam)
건담가 (健啖家, geondamga)
건망 (健忘, geonmang)
건망실어증 (健忘失語症, geonmangsireojeung)
건망증 (健忘症, geonmangjeung)
건보 (健步, geonbo)
건부 (健夫, geonbu)
건부 (健婦, geonbu)
건상 (健爽, geonsang)
건선 (健羨, geonseon)
건승 (健勝, geonseung)
건식 (健食, geonsik)
건실 (健實, geonsil)
건아 (健兒, geona)
건완 (健腕, geonwan)
건위 (健胃, geonwi)
건장 (健壯, geonjang)
건재 (健在, geonjae)
건전 (健全, geonjeon)
건첩 (健捷, geoncheop)
건투 (健鬪, geontu)
건필 (健筆, geonpil)
경건 (勁健, gyeonggeon)
권건 (權健, gwon'geon)
보건 (保健, bogeon)
필건 (筆健, pilgeon)
항건 (伉健, hanggeon)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

健: Hán Nôm readings: kiện, kẹn, lương

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