九真

Chinese

		nine	real; true; genuine
trad. (九真/九眞)		九	真/眞
simp. (九真)		九	真

Etymology

Ferlus (2012b) and Pain (2020) propose that 九真 (OC kuˀ-cin) transcribed *k.cin, a local autonym which is reflected in Puoc [Term?] (ksiːŋ muːl) & Thavung [script needed] (ktiːŋ²) meaning "human being, people", the latter from Proto-Vietic *kciːŋ, which consists of prefix *k- and *ciɲ (“leg, foot”); thus, "human beings" are "(those who are) on foot, those who stand on their feet."

Pain further suggests that "Cửu Chân might therefore have been inhabited by some ancestors of the Southern Vietic Thavung - Aheu."

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Jiǔzhēn

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄓㄣ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gau² zan¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Jiǔzhēn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄓㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Jiǒujhen
  - Wade–Giles: Chiu³-chên¹
  - Yale: Jyǒu-jēn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jeoujen
  - Palladius: Цзючжэнь (Czjučžɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gau² zan¹
  - Yale: gáu jān
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gau² dzan¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: geo² zen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐn⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: kjuwX tsyin

Rime
Character	九	真
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	舉有切	側鄰切
Baxter	kjuwX	tsyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨu^X/	/t͡ɕiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/kiu^X/	/t͡ɕin/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəu^X/	/t͡ɕjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuw^X/	/cin/
Li Rong	/kiu^X/	/t͡ɕiĕn/
Wang Li	/kĭəu^X/	/t͡ɕĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ə̯u^X/	/t͡ɕi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiǔ	zhēn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau²	zan¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]uʔ ti[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*kuʔ ʔljin/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	九	真
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiǔ	zhēn
Middle Chinese	‹ kjuw^X ›	‹ tsyin ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]uʔ/	/*ti[n]/
English	nine	true, real
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	九	真
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6941	17068
Phonetic component	九	眞
Rime group	幽	眞
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	久
Old Chinese	/*kuʔ/	/*ʔljin/
Notes		原側鄰切依韻目改。金文象以匕充填鼎實爲填初文，充實引指眞實不虛

Proper noun

九真

(～郡) Jiuzhen (an ancient commandery of China; located in modern-day Vietnam)
(～鎮) Jiuzhen (a town in Tianmen, Hubei, China)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
九	真

Proper noun

九真

chữ Hán form of Cửu Chân (“Jiuzhen Commandery”)