ござる

Japanese

Alternative spellings
御座る
厶る (rare)

Etymology

Shift from ござある (gozaaru),[1] composed of (honorific prefix) +‎ (seat) +‎ ある (to be, to have), literally to have one's honorable seat.

According to Kōjien, the above is derived from the Sino-Japanese reading of (the kanji in the ateji spelling of) 御座す (owasu) + あり (ari) (the classical form of ある (aru)).[2]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) [gòzáꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])
  • IPA(key): [ɡo̞za̠ɾɯ̟]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of ござる
Plain ござる [gòzáꜜrù]
Conjunctive ござって って [gòzáꜜttè]
Perfective ござった った [gòzáꜜttà]
Negative ござらない ざらない [gòzáráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective ござらなかった ざらなかった [gòzáráꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional ござれば れば [gòzáꜜrèbà]
Past conditional ござったら ったら [gòzáꜜttàrà]
Imperative ござい [gòzáꜜì]
Volitional ござろう ざろ [gòzáróꜜò]
Desiderative ござりたい ざりた [gòzárítáꜜì]
Formal ございます ざいま [gòzáímáꜜsù]
Formal negative ございません ざいませ [gòzáímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional ございましょう ざいましょ [gòzáímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective ございました ざいました [gòzáímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative ござり
ござりに

りに
[gòzáꜜrì]
[gòzáꜜrì nì]
Negative continuative ござらず
ござらずに
ざら
ざらずに
[gòzáráꜜzù]
[gòzáráꜜzù nì]
Passive ござられる ざられ [gòzáráréꜜrù]
Causative ござらせる
ござらす
ざらせ
ざら
[gòzáráséꜜrù]
[gòzáráꜜsù]
Potential ござれる ざれ [gòzáréꜜrù]

Verb

ござる • (gozaruintransitive godan (stem ござり (gozari) or ござい (gozai), past ござった (gozatta))

  1. (archaic) to exist, to be, to have

Usage notes

  • In classical Japanese, ござる (gozaru) was the polite form of ある (aru) applicable to both animate and inanimate objects. It survives in modern Japanese only in the inflected forms ございました (gozaimashita), ございましたら (gozaimashitara), ございます (gozaimasu), and です (desu), which may originate from a contraction of でございます (de gozaimasu). (go-) is a politeness prefix, (za) is the equivalent of ある (aru) in Sino-Japanese, and finally (-ru) is a suffix for verbs. Another opinion is that it is a contraction of ござある (gozaaru), composed of 御座 (goza, noble seat) and ある (aru, to exist, literally to be on a noble seat).
  • In modern popular culture, it is associated with ninja.

Conjugation

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN