ὄρος

See also: όρος, ορός, and ὅρος

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

οὖρος (oûros) — Epic, Lyric
ὦρος (ôros) — Doric

Etymology

Either from ὄρνυμι (órnumi, “I raise”), or possibly directly from a Proto-Indo-European *h₃eros; either way, derived from the root *h₃er- (“to rise, spring, stir”).^[1]

Compare Sanskrit ऋष्व (ṛṣvá). Possibly related are the personal names Ὀρειάς (Oreiás), Mycenaean Greek 𐀃𐀩𐁀 (o-re-a2, “Oreās”), and Ὀρέστης (Oréstēs), Mycenaean Greek 𐀃𐀩𐀲 (o-re-ta, “Orestās”).^[2]

The sense "desert" is a semantic loan from Demotic tw (“mountain, desert”), from Egyptian ḏw (“mountain”).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ó.ros/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈo.ros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈo.ros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈo.ros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈo.ros/

Noun

ὄρος • (óros) n (genitive ὄρεος or ὄρους or οὔρεος); third declension

Declension

Third declension of τὸ ὄρος; τοῦ ὄρους (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ ὄρος tò óros	τὼ ὄρει tṑ órei	τᾰ̀ ὄρη tằ órē
Genitive	τοῦ ὄρους toû órous	τοῖν ὀροῖν toîn oroîn	τῶν ὀρῶν tôn orôn
Dative	τῷ ὄρει tōî órei	τοῖν ὀροῖν toîn oroîn	τοῖς ὄρεσῐ / ὄρεσῐν toîs óresĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ ὄρος tò óros	τὼ ὄρει tṑ órei	τᾰ̀ ὄρη tằ órē
Vocative	ὄρος óros	ὄρει órei	ὄρη órē
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Third declension of τὸ ὄρος; τοῦ ὄρεος (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ ὄρος tò óros	τὼ ὄρεε / ὄρει tṑ óree / órei	τᾰ̀ ὄρεᾰ tằ óreă
Genitive	τοῦ ὄρεος / ὄρευς toû óreos / óreus	τοῖν ὀρέοιν toîn oréoin	τῶν ὀρέων tôn oréōn
Dative	τῷ ὄρεῐ̈ / ὄρει tōî óreĭ̈ / órei	τοῖν ὀρέοιν toîn oréoin	τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν ὄρεσῐ / ὄρεσῐν toîsĭ(n) óresĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ ὄρος tò óros	τὼ ὄρεε / ὄρει tṑ óree / órei	τᾰ̀ ὄρεᾰ tằ óreă
Vocative	ὄρος óros	ὄρεε / ὄρει óree / órei	ὄρεᾰ óreă
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Third declension of ὄρος; ὄρεος (Epic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὄρος óros	ὄρεε / ὄρει óree / órei	ὄρεᾰ óreă
Genitive	ὄρεος / ὄρευς / ὄρεσφι óreos / óreus / óresphi	ὀρέοιν / ὀρέοιῐν oréoi(ĭ)n	ὀρέων / ὄρεσφι oréōn / óresphi
Dative	ὄρει / ὄρεῐ̈ / ὄρεσφι órei / óreĭ̈ / óresphi	ὀρέοιν / ὀρέοιῐν oréoi(ĭ)n	ὄρεσῐ / ὄρεσῐν / ὄρεσσῐ / ὄρεσσῐν / ὄρεσφι óresĭ(n) / óressĭ(n) / óresphi
Accusative	ὄρος óros	ὄρεε / ὄρει óree / órei	ὄρεᾰ óreă
Vocative	ὄρος óros	ὄρεε / ὄρει óree / órei	ὄρεᾰ óreă
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

ὀρεσίτροφος (oresítrophos)
ὀροφῠ́λᾰξ (orophŭ́lăx)

Descendants

Greek: όρος n (óros, “mountain”)
Mariupol Greek: о́рус n (órus, “forest”)
→ English: oro-
→ Italian: oro-

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὄρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1109-10
^ John Chadwick; Lydia Baumbach (1963), “The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary”, in Glotta : Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache, volume 41, number 3/4, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 228 of 157–271: “ὄρος”

“ὄρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ὄρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ὄρος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ὄρος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“ὄρος”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G3735 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
ὄρος in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007), Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- hill idem, page 400.
- mountain idem, page 543.
- range idem, page 670.
Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 326
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Cuvigny, Hélène (2018), “A Survey of Place-Names in the Egyptian Eastern Desert during the Principate according to the Ostraca and the Inscriptions”, in Jean-Pierre Brun, Thomas Faucher, Bérangère Redon et Steven Sidebotham, editors, The Eastern Desert of Egypt during the Greco-Roman Period: Archaeological Reports‎^[2], Paris: Collège du France / Open Edition, →DOI, § 195, page 125

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὄρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1109-10

[2] John Chadwick; Lydia Baumbach (1963), “The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary”, in Glotta : Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache, volume 41, number 3/4, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 228 of 157–271: “ὄρος”

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