शम्

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱemh₂- (“to toil, to exert oneself”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κάμνω (kámnō, “to labour, to work hard”).

• शिम् (śim)

शम् • (śam)

1. to become tired, finish, stop, come to an end, rest, be quiet, calm, satisfied or contented
2. (middle voice) to toil at, fatigue or exert one's self (especially in performing ritual acts)
3. to prepare, arrange
4. to cease, be allayed or extinguished
5. to put an end to, hurt, injure, destroy
6. (causative) to appease, allay, alleviate, pacify, calm, soothe, settle
7. (causative) to kill, slay, destroy, remove, extinguish
8. (causative) to leave off, desist
9. (causative) to conquer, subdue
10. (intensive) to be entirely appeased or extinguished

Primary Verbal Forms

Secondary Forms

Non-Finite Forms

Derived Nominal Forms

Prefixed Root Forms

• Monier Williams (1899), “शम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1053, column 3.
• William Dwight Whitney (1885), The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 171

• Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025), “śam”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “ŚAM^I”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 610-611
• Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “śamⁱ”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 438-9
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 323-4

Uncertain, possibly from an earlier *श्वम् (*śvám), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, to be strong”). Compare श्वयति (śvayati), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”).

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕɐ́m/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɕɐm/

शम् • (śám)

1. auspiciously, fortunately, happily, well

• Monier Williams (1899), “शम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1054, column 2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “śám”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 609-610