मा

See also: माँ, मां, मैं, म, में, मी, and मा़

Garhwali

Verb

मा (mā) (transitive)

have
मेमा यअक किताब न्ही च।
memā yaak kitāb nhī ca.
I don't have a book.

Nepali

Etymology

Ultimately from Sanskrit मध्य (madhya), cognate with Hindi में (mẽ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [mä]
Phonetic Devanagari: मा

Postposition

मा • (mā)

in, at, on

Newar

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ma]

Noun

मा • (mā) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐩𑐵)

plant

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

মা (Assamese script)
ᬫᬵ (Balinese script)
মা (Bengali script)
𑰦𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀫𑀸 (Brahmi script)
မာ (Burmese script)
મા (Gujarati script)
ਮਾ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌮𑌾 (Grantha script)
ꦩꦴ (Javanese script)
𑂧𑂰 (Kaithi script)
ಮಾ (Kannada script)
មា (Khmer script)
ມາ (Lao script)
മാ (Malayalam script)
ᠮᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
𑘦𑘰 (Modi script)
ᠮᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑧆𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
𑐩𑐵 (Newa script)
ମା (Odia script)
ꢪꢵ (Saurashtra script)
𑆩𑆳 (Sharada script)
𑖦𑖯 (Siddham script)
මා (Sinhalese script)
𑩴𑩛 (Soyombo script)
𑚢𑚭 (Takri script)
மா (Tamil script)
మా (Telugu script)
มา (Thai script)
མཱ (Tibetan script)
𑒧𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
𑨢𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /mɑ́ː/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /mɑː/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *máH, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₁ (prohibitive particle). Cognate with Albanian mo (“do not”), Ancient Greek μή (mḗ, “not, do not”), Old Armenian մի (mi, “no, not”), Avestan 𐬨𐬁 (mā), Old Persian 𐎶𐎠 (m-a /⁠mā⁠/) (whence Persian (ma-)).^[1]

Particle

मा • (mā́)

don't (prohibitive particle)
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.5.10:
  मा नो॒ मर्ता॑ अ॒भि द्रु॑हन्।
  त॒नूना॑मिंद्र गिर्वणः।
  ईशा॑नो यवया व॒धम्॥
  mā́ no mártā abhí druhan
  tanū́nām indra girvaṇaḥ
  ī́śāno yavayā vadhám
  O Indra, thou who lovest song,
  do not let any man hurt our bodies.
  Keep slaughter far from us for thou canst.

Derived terms

माकिम् (mākim)
माकिस् (mākis)

Descendants

Terms inherited from मा (mā́)

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
- Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
  - Apabhramsa: म (ma) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀅 (māia), 𑀫𑀸𑀇 (māi), 𑀫𑀇𑀅 (maïa)
- ⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀢 (maṃta)
  - Gurjara Apabhramsa:
    - Gujarati: મત (mat)
  - Takka Apabhramsa:
    - Old Punjabi: ਮਤ (mata), ਮਤਿ (mati), ਮਤੁ (matu)
      - Punjabi: mat
        Gurmukhi script: ਮਤ
        Shahmukhi script: مَت
  - Vracada Apabhramsa:
    - Sindhi:
      Arabic script: مَتان, مَتَڻ, مَتُڻِ
      Devanagari script: मतां, मतण, मतुणि
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
      - Hindustani: mat
        Hindi: मत
        Urdu: مَت (mat)
Dardic:
- Kalasha: mo
- Kashmiri: مَہ (mah)
Gandhari: 𐨨 (ma)
Pali: mā

Etymology 2

From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek με (me), ἐμέ (emé), Latin mē, Old English me.

Pronoun

मा • (mā)

(enclitic) accusative singular of अहम् (ahám)
Synonym: माम् (mā́m)

Etymology 3

Onomatopoeic; compare मय (máya, “horse”) and मयु (mayú, “monkey”), which are probably connected to the root, as well as similar formations throughout Indo-European such as Ancient Greek μῐνῠρῐ́ζω (mĭnŭrĭ́zō, “to whimper, warble”).^[2]

Root

मा • (mā)

to sound, bellow, bleat

Derived terms

Primary Verbal Forms

मिमाति (mímāti) (Present)
मिमाय (mimā́ya) (Perfect)

Non-Finite Forms

मातवै (mātavai) (Infinitive)

Derived Nominal Forms

मायु (māyú)

Etymology 4

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *maH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maH-, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”).^[3]

Root

मा • (mā)

to measure

Derived terms

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root मा (0 c, 9 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root मा (6 c, 0 e)

Primary Verbal Forms

मिमीते (mímīte) (Present)
माति (mā́ti) (Present)
मायते (māyate) (Present)
मास्यति (māsyáti) (Future)
माता (mātā́) (Periphrastic Future)
अमासि (ámāsi) (Aorist)
अमासीत् (ámāsīt) (Aorist)
ममौ (mamáu) (Perfect)
ममे (mamé) (Perfect)

Secondary Forms

मीयते (mīyáte) (Passive)
अमायि (ámāyi) (Passive Aorist)
मापयति (māpáyati) (Causative)
अमीमपत् (ámīmapat) (Causative Aorist)
मित्सति (mitsati) (Desiderative)
मेमीयते (memīyate) (Intensive)
मामाति (māmāti) (Intensive)

Non-Finite Forms

मित (mitá) (Past Participle)
मातुम् (mātum) (Infinitive)
मितुम् (mitum) (Infinitive)
मामे (māme) (Infinitive)
मामै (māmái) (Infinitive)
मित्वा (mitvā́) (Gerund)
मीत्वा (mītvā́) (Gerund)
माय (mā́ya) (Gerundive)
मातव्य (mātavyá) (Gerundive)

Derived Nominal Forms

मा (mā́)
मान (mā́na)
मिति (miti)
मातृ (mā́tṛ)
मात्रा (mā́trā)
माया (māyā́)
मायु (māyú)
मास् (mā́s)
मास (māsa)
मस् (mas)
मेय (méya)
मित्सा (mitsā)
मापक (māpaka)
माप्य (māpya)
मापन (māpana)
अवमाय (avamāya)

Prefixed Root Forms

प्रतिमा (pratimā)
अनुमा (anumā)
उपमा (upamā)
निमा (nimā)
संमा (saṃmā)

Etymology 5

From the above root.

Noun

मा • (mā) stem, f (root मा)

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of मा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	माः (mā́ḥ)	मौ (máu) मा¹ (mā́¹)	माः (mā́ḥ)
accusative	माम् (mā́m)	मौ (máu) मा¹ (mā́¹)	माः (mā́ḥ) मः² (máḥ²)
instrumental	मा (mā́)	माभ्याम् (mā́bhyām)	माभिः (mā́bhiḥ)
dative	मे (mé)	माभ्याम् (mā́bhyām)	माभ्यः (mā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	मः (máḥ)	माभ्याम् (mā́bhyām)	माभ्यः (mā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	मः (máḥ)	मोः (móḥ)	मानाम् (mā́nām) माम्² (mā́m²)
locative	मि (mí)	मोः (móḥ)	मासु (mā́su)
vocative	माः (mā́ḥ)	मौ (máu) मा¹ (mā́¹)	माः (mā́ḥ)

¹Vedic
²Perhaps

References

Monier Williams (1899), “मा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 804, columns 1-2.
William Dwight Whitney (1885), The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 119

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “mā́”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 574

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “mā́”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 343
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “MĀ¹”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 341
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “MĀ²”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 341-3

[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “mā́”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 343

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “MĀ¹”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 341

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “MĀ²”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 341-3

[1]

[2]

[3]