خلق

Inherited from Proto-Semitic *ḫalaq-, cognate with Biblical Hebrew חָלַק (ḥɔláq, ḥālaq, “to divide”), Classical Syriac ܚܠܩ (ḥəlaq, “to divide, apportion”), Sabaean [script needed] (ḫlq, “compensation, portion, lot”), and Minaean [script needed] (ḫlq). Took on the senses of creation and formation prior to the advent of Islam, as indicated by passages like Qur'an (in Arabic), 609–632 CE, 39:38, where the term is already understood by non-Muslim interlocutors, likely influenced by ancient Near Eastern mythology, in which the world was created by dividing pre-existing matter.^[1]

• IPA^(key): /xa.la.qa/

خَلَقَ • (ḵalaqa) I (non-past يَخْلُقُ (yaḵluqu), verbal noun خَلْق (ḵalq))

1. to create, to make
2. to shape, to form

• → Lishana Deni: כלאקא (xalāqa)

• IPA^(key): /xa.lu.qa/

خَلُقَ • (ḵaluqa) I (non-past يَخْلُقُ (yaḵluqu), verbal noun خَلَاقَة (ḵalāqa))

1. to be suitable, be fit

Probably denominal from the perfume compound خَلُوق (ḵalūq), خِلَاق (ḵilāq), which is then from the base stem “to create, to compose” above.

• IPA^(key): /xal.la.qa/

خَلَّقَ • (ḵallaqa) II (non-past يُخَلِّقُ (yuḵalliqu), verbal noun تَخْلِيق (taḵlīq))

1. to perfume

• IPA^(key): /xalq/

خَلْق • (ḵalq) m

1. verbal noun of خَلَقَ (ḵalaqa) (form I)
2. creation

   لِخَلْقِ بِيئَةٍ جَيِّدَةٍ، يَجِبُ أَنّ تُهَوِّيَ حَوْضَ السَّمَكِ بِٱنْتِظَامٍ.

   liḵalqi bīʔatin jayyidatin, yajibu ʔann tuhawwiya ḥawḍa s-samaki bintiẓāmin.

   To create a good environment, you must aerate the fish tank regularly.

3. (collective) creation (“all which exists”), creatures
4. (collective) people
   • 10th century, Al-Mutanabbi:

     أَنَامُ مِلْءَ جُفُونِي عَنْ شَوارِدِهَا / وَيَسْهَرُ الْخَلْقُ جَرَّاهَا وَيَخْتَصِمُ

     ʔanāmu milʔa jufūnī ʕan šawāridihā / wayasharu al-ḵalqu jarrāhā wayaḵtaṣimu

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

5. pleb, plebeian

• IPA^(key): /xu.luq/

خُلُق • (ḵuluq) m (dual خُلُقَانِ (ḵuluqāni), plural أَخْلَاق (ʔaḵlāq))

1. natural disposition, character, nature
2. inborn quality
3. manners, character
4. morals, morality
   • (Can we date this quote?) Ahmad Shawqi

     وَإِنَّمَا ٱلْأُمَمُ ٱلْأَخْلَاقُ مَا بَقِيَتْ / فَإِنْ هُمُ ذَهَبَتْ أَخْلَاقُهُمْ ذَهَبُوا

     waʔinnamā l-ʔumamu l-ʔaḵlāqu mā baqiyat / faʔin humu ḏahabat ʔaḵlāquhum ḏahabū

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

5. (Modern Standard Arabic) anger, irritation
6. (Modern Standard Arabic) bravery
7. (Modern Standard Arabic) religion
8. (Modern Standard Arabic) humanity
9. (Modern Standard Arabic) refinement

• → Persian: خلق (xolq)
• → Turkish: kılık
• → Bashkir: холоҡ (xoloq)
• → Kazakh: құлық (qūlyq)

(via plural form أَخْلَاق (ʔaḵlāq))

• → Azerbaijani: əxlaq
• → Classical Malay: اخلاق
  • → Malay: akhlak
  • → Indonesian: akhlak
• → Persian: اخلاق
  • Urdu: اخلاق
• → Ottoman Turkish: اخلاق
  • → Turkish: ahlak
  • → Crimean Tatar: ahlâq
• → Uyghur: ئەخلاق (exlaq)
• → Uzbek: axloq

• IPA^(key): /xi.laq/

خِلَق • (ḵilaq) pl

1. plural of خِلْقَة (ḵilqa)

Plausibly a liquid variant of خ ر ق (ḵ r q), but it is sensible that it rather relates to Biblical Hebrew חָלַק (ḥɔláq, “to be smooth, slippery”) and Akkadian 𒄩𒀀 (ḫalāqum, “to vanish”).

• IPA^(key): /xa.lu.qa/, /xa.li.qa/, /xa.la.qa/

خَلُقَ • (ḵaluqa) I (non-past يَخْلُقُ (yaḵluqu), verbal noun خُلُوقَة (ḵulūqa) or خَلَاقَة (ḵalāqa))
خَلِقَ • (ḵaliqa) I (non-past يَخْلَقُ (yaḵlaqu), verbal noun خَلَق (ḵalaq))
خَلَقَ • (ḵalaqa) I (non-past يَخْلُقُ (yaḵluqu), verbal noun خُلُوق (ḵulūq))

1. to be old and worn out (of a garment)
2. to be smooth and soft (of an item, through wear)

• IPA^(key): /xa.laq/

خَلَق • (ḵalaq) m or f (plural خُلْقَان (ḵulqān) or أَخْلَاق (ʔaḵlāq))

1. verbal noun of خَلِقَ (ḵaliqa) (form I)
2. rags
3. old age
4. men, people

خَلَق • (ḵalaq) (feminine خَلَق (ḵalaq), common plural خُلْقَان (ḵulqān) or أَخْلَاق (ʔaḵlāq))

1. worn, threadbare

• “خلق” in Almaany

• IPA^(key): /xalaɡ/, [xalak]

• Audio (N'Djamena):

  (file)

From Arabic خَلَق (ḵalaq, “rags”).

خلق • (ḵalag) m (plural خلقان (ḵulgān))

1. garment
   • 2019, الكتاب المقدس بالعربي الدارجي هنا تشاد [The Bible in Chadian Arabic]‎^[2], N'Djamena: Alliance biblique du Tchad, رُؤية [Revelation] 19:16:

     وَ عِنْدَهْ أُسُمْ مَكْتُوبْ فِي خَلَقَهْ وَ فِي دَارِجْتَهْ وَ الْأُسُمْ دَا، هُو مَلِكْ الْمُلُوكْ وَ رَبّ الْأَرْبَابْ.

     wa ʔindah ʔusum maktūb fi ḵalagah wa fi dārijtah wa l-ʔusum da, hu malik al-mulūk wa rabb al-ʔarbāb.

     And he has a name written in his garment and on his thigh and this name is King of Kings and Lord of Lords.

From Arabic خَلَقَ (ḵalaqa).

خلق • (ḵalag) I (non-past يخلق (yaḵlig))

1. to create, to make

• Heath, Judith; Mahadi, Mahamat Zene (2021), Lexique Arabe Tchadien-Français‎^[3] (in French), 11th edition, N'Djamena, Chad: SIL Chad, page 80
• Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de (1999), Dictionnaire Arabe Tchadien-Français (in French), Éditions Karthala, →ISBN, page 1282

From Arabic خَلَقَ (ḵalaqa).

• IPA^(key): /xa.laɡ/

خَلَق • (ḵalag) I (non-past يِخْلق (yiḵlug, yiḵlig))

1. to create, to make
2. to shape, to form

From Arabic خُلُق (ḵuluq).

• IPA^(key): /xilɡ/, /xulɡ/

خِلق or خُلق • (ḵilg or ḵulg) m (plural أخلاق (ʔaḵlag))

1. manner
2. morals, morality
3. endurance

From Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

• IPA^(key): /xalɡ/

خَلْق • (ḵalg) m

1. (collective) creation (“all which exists”), creatures
2. (collective) people

From Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

خلق • (halk)

1. people, population
2. invention, creation

• Turkish: halk
• → Albanian: hallk
• → Laz: ხალკი (xalǩi), ხარკი (xarǩi)

• Avery, Robert et al., editors (2013), “halk”, in The Redhouse Dictionary Turkish/Ottoman English, 21st edition, Istanbul: Sev Yayıncılık, →ISBN
• Kélékian, Diran (1911), “خلق”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[4] (in French), Constantinople: Mihran, page 549

Borrowed from Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

Readings
Classical reading?	xalq
Dari reading?	xalq
Iranian reading?	xalġ
Tajik reading?	xalq

خلق • (xalq / xalġ) (plural خلق‌ها (xalq-hā / xalġ-hâ), Tajik spelling халқ)

1. creation

   Synonym: آفرینش (âfarineš)

2. pleb, plebeian
3. (socialism or dated) people, folk

   Synonym: مردم (mardom)

   جمهوری خلق چین

   jomhuri-ye xalq-e čin

   the People's Republic of China

   حزب دموکراتیک خلق افغانستان

   hizb-i dimōkrātīk-i xalq-i afġānistān

   People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

   • 1257, شیخ مصلح‌الدین سعدی شیرازی [Shayx Muslih-ud-Dīn Sa'dī-yi Šīrāzī], translated by G. M. Wickens, بوستان [Būstān, The Orchard], UK: University of Toronto Press, published 1974, →ISBN:

     طریقت به جز خدمت خلق نیست
     به تسبیح و سجاده و دلق نیست

     tarīqat ba juz xidmat-i xalq nīst
     ba tasbīh u sajjāda u dalq nīst

     There is no other faith than serving mankind
     It is not prayer beads and rugs and garments

     (Classical Persian romanization)

4. (Dari, socialism, historical) People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

Borrowed from Arabic خُلْق (ḵulq).

Readings
Classical reading?	xul(u)q
Dari reading?	xul(u)q
Iranian reading?	xol(o)ġ
Tajik reading?	xul(u)q

خلق • (xolq) (plural اخلاق (axlâq))

1. temperament, disposition, character, personality

   خلق آرام ― xolq-e ârâm ― calm personality

2. custom, habit, manner, behaviour
3. humour, mood

   خلق تنگ ― xolq-e tang ― unpleasant mood

• Note that the plural اخلاق (axlâq) is usually used with the meaning of “morality; ethics” rather than as the plural of خلق (xolq).

Borrowed from Arabic خَلَق (ḵalaq).

Readings
Classical reading?	xalaq
Dari reading?	xalaq
Iranian reading?	xalaġ
Tajik reading?	xalaq

خلق • (xalaq) (plural خلق‌ها, or خلقان (xolqân))

1. rags

خلق • (xalaq)

1. ragged; shabby

Borrowed from Classical Persian خَلْق (xalq), borrowed from Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

خَلْقَ • (xalqu) m (Devanagari ख़ल्क़ु)

1. people

• Parmanand, Mewaram (1910), “خَلْقَ”, in Sindhi-English Dictionary, Hyderabad, Sindh: The Sind Juvenile Co-operative Society
• “خلق”, in Sindhi-English Dictionary, University of Chicago: Center for Language Engineering, Pakistan, 1866–1938

Borrowed from Classical Persian خَلْق (xalq), borrowed from Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /xəlq/

خَلْق • (xalq) m (Hindi spelling ख़लक़)

1. mankind, humanity
2. (religion) creation, world

Borrowed from Urdu خَلْق (xalq), borrowed from Classical Persian خَلْق (xalq), borrowed from Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

خلق (xalq)

1. people