πρᾶος

See also: πράος

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

πρᾷος (prāîos), πρᾱῠ̈́ς (prāŭ̈́s), πρᾳῠ̈́ς (prāiŭ̈́s)
πρῆος (prêos), πρῇος (prēîos), πρηΰς (prēǘs) — Epic, Ionic

Etymology

Probably from earlier πρᾱΰς (prāǘs), regularly derived from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-i-u-, from *preh₂- (“to like, feel friendly/well-disposed”). Cognate with Latvian prieks (“joy”), Old Church Slavonic приꙗзнь (prijaznĭ, “friendship”), Sanskrit प्रिय (priya, “dear, beloved”), Welsh rhydd (“free”), Old English frēo (English free.)

Adjective

πρᾶος • (prâos) m (feminine πρᾱεῖᾰ, neuter πρᾶον); first/second declension

soft, gentle
- Homeric Hymns, Homeric Hymn to Ares 10:
  πρηῢ καταστίλβων σέλας ὑψόθεν ἐς βιότητα ἡμετέρην
  prēǜ katastílbōn sélas hupsóthen es biótēta hēmetérēn
  Shed down a soft ray from above upon my life!
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 3.71:
  ὃς Συρακόσσαισι νέμει βασιλεὺς πραῢς ἀστοῖς
  hòs Surakóssaisi némei basileùs praǜs astoîs
  [...] the king who rules Syracuse, gentle to his citizens [...]
tame
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.4.9:
  τὸν Χάλον ποταμόν, ὄντα τὸ εὖρος πλέθρου, πλήρη δ’ ἰχθύων μεγάλων καὶ πραέων
  tòn Khálon potamón, ónta tò eûros pléthrou, plḗrē d’ ikhthúōn megálōn kaì praéōn
  [...] the Chalus river, which is a plethrum in width and full of large, tame fish [...]
mild
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 888a:
  πῶς τούτους ἄν τις ἐν πρᾳέσι λόγοις δύναιτο νουθετῶν
  pôs toútous án tis en prāiési lógois dúnaito nouthetôn
  How, I ask, can one possibly use mild terms in admonishing such men?

Usage notes

In Attic, Tragedy, and Comedy, πρᾶος (prâos) is used in the singular, except that the feminine is always πραεῖα (praeîa). Forms from πραΰς (praǘs) (Ionic πρηΰς (prēǘs)) are used in Epic and Lyric poetry, as well as in Xenophon, the Septuagint, Polybius etc.

Declension

Second declension of πρᾶος; πρᾶον (Attic)

Number	Singular		Dual		Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	πρᾶος prâos	πρᾶον prâon	πρᾱ́ω prā́ō	πρᾱ́ω prā́ō	πρᾶοι prâoi	πρᾶᾰ prâă
Genitive	πρᾱ́ου prā́ou	πρᾱ́ου prā́ou	πρᾱ́οιν prā́oin	πρᾱ́οιν prā́oin	πρᾱ́ων prā́ōn	πρᾱ́ων prā́ōn
Dative	πρᾱ́ῳ prā́ōi	πρᾱ́ῳ prā́ōi	πρᾱ́οιν prā́oin	πρᾱ́οιν prā́oin	πρᾱ́οις prā́ois	πρᾱ́οις prā́ois
Accusative	πρᾶον prâon	πρᾶον prâon	πρᾱ́ω prā́ō	πρᾱ́ω prā́ō	πρᾱ́ους prā́ous	πρᾶᾰ prâă
Vocative	πρᾶε prâe	πρᾶον prâon	πρᾱ́ω prā́ō	πρᾱ́ω prā́ō	πρᾶοι prâoi	πρᾶᾰ prâă
Derived forms	Adverb		Comparative		Superlative
Derived forms	πρᾱ́ως prā́ōs		πρᾱότερος prāóteros		πρᾱότᾰτος prāótătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and third declension of πρᾱῠ̈́ς; πρᾱεῖᾰ; πρᾱῠ̈́ (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	πρᾱῠ̈́ς prāŭ̈́s	πρᾱεῖᾰ prāeîă	πρᾱῠ̈́ prāŭ̈́	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱείᾱ prāeíā	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱεῖς prāeîs	πρᾱεῖαι prāeîai	πρᾱέᾰ prāéă
Genitive	πρᾱέος prāéos	πρᾱείᾱς prāeíās	πρᾱέος prāéos	πρᾱέοιν prāéoin	πρᾱείαιν prāeíain	πρᾱέοιν prāéoin	πρᾱέων prāéōn	πρᾱειῶν prāeiôn	πρᾱέων prāéōn
Dative	πρᾱεῖ prāeî	πρᾱείᾳ prāeíāi	πρᾱεῖ prāeî	πρᾱέοιν prāéoin	πρᾱείαιν prāeíain	πρᾱέοιν prāéoin	πρᾱέσῐ / πρᾱέσῐν prāésĭ(n)	πρᾱείαις prāeíais	πρᾱέσῐ / πρᾱέσῐν prāésĭ(n)
Accusative	πρᾱῠ̈́ν prāŭ̈́n	πρᾱεῖᾰν prāeîăn	πρᾱῠ̈́ prāŭ̈́	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱείᾱ prāeíā	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱεῖς prāeîs	πρᾱείᾱς prāeíās	πρᾱέᾰ prāéă
Vocative	πρᾱῠ̈́ prāŭ̈́	πρᾱεῖᾰ prāeîă	πρᾱῠ̈́ prāŭ̈́	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱείᾱ prāeíā	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱεῖς prāeîs	πρᾱεῖαι prāeîai	πρᾱέᾰ prāéă
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	πρᾱέως prāéōs			πρᾱῠ̈́τερος prāŭ̈́teros			πρᾱῠ̈́τᾰτος / πρᾱ́ῠ̈στος prāŭ̈́tătos / prā́ŭ̈stos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and third declension of πρᾱῠ̈́ς; πρᾱεῖᾰ; πρᾱῠ̈́ (Doric)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	πρᾱῠ̈́ς prāŭ̈́s	πρᾱεῖᾰ prāeîă	πρᾱῠ̈́ prāŭ̈́	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱείᾱ prāeíā	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱεῖς prāeîs	πρᾱεῖαι prāeîai	πρᾱέᾰ prāéă
Genitive	πρᾱέος prāéos	πρᾱείᾱς prāeíās	πρᾱέος prāéos	πρᾱέοιν prāéoin	πρᾱείαιν prāeíain	πρᾱέοιν prāéoin	πρᾱέων prāéōn	πρᾱειᾶν prāeiân	πρᾱέων prāéōn
Dative	πρᾱεῖ prāeî	πρᾱείᾳ prāeíāi	πρᾱεῖ prāeî	πρᾱέοιν prāéoin	πρᾱείαιν prāeíain	πρᾱέοιν prāéoin	πρᾱέεσσῐ / πρᾱέεσσῐν prāéessĭ(n)	πρᾱείαις prāeíais	πρᾱέεσσῐ / πρᾱέεσσῐν prāéessĭ(n)
Accusative	πρᾱῠ̈́ν prāŭ̈́n	πρᾱεῖᾰν prāeîăn	πρᾱῠ̈́ prāŭ̈́	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱείᾱ prāeíā	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱέᾰς prāéăs	πρᾱείᾱς prāeíās	πρᾱέᾰ prāéă
Vocative	πρᾱῠ̈́ prāŭ̈́	πρᾱεῖᾰ prāeîă	πρᾱῠ̈́ prāŭ̈́	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱείᾱ prāeíā	πρᾱέε prāée	πρᾱεῖς prāeîs	πρᾱεῖαι prāeîai	πρᾱέᾰ prāéă
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	πρᾱέως prāéōs			πρᾱῠ̈́τερος prāŭ̈́teros			πρᾱῠ̈́τᾰτος / πρᾱ́ῠ̈στος prāŭ̈́tătos / prā́ŭ̈stos
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Antonyms

τρᾱχῠ́ς (trākhŭ́s)
χᾰλεπός (khălepós)

Derived terms

ᾰ̓ποπρᾱῠ̈́νω (ăpoprāŭ̈́nō)
αὐτοπρᾱότης (autoprāótēs)
δῐᾰπρᾱῠ̈́νω (dĭăprāŭ̈́nō)
ἐκπρᾱῠ̈́νω (ekprāŭ̈́nō)
ἐπῐπρᾱῠ̈́νω (epĭprāŭ̈́nō)
κᾰτᾰπρᾱῠ̈́νω (kătăprāŭ̈́nō)
πολῠ́πρᾱος (polŭ́prāos)
πρᾱέως (prāéōs)
πρᾱόνως (prāónōs)
πρᾱοπᾰθέω (prāopăthéō)
πρᾱοπᾰθῶ (prāopăthô)
πρᾱότης (prāótēs)
πρᾱῠ̈́γελως (prāŭ̈́gelōs)
πρᾱῠ̈θῡμέω (prāŭ̈thūméō)
πρᾱῠ̈θῡμῐ́ᾱ (prāŭ̈thūmĭ́ā)
πρᾱῠ̈́θῡμος (prāŭ̈́thūmos)
πρᾱῠ̈θῡμῶ (prāŭ̈thūmô)
πρᾱῠ̈λόγος (prāŭ̈lógos)
πρᾱῠ̈́λογος (prāŭ̈́logos)
πρᾱῠ̈μενής (prāŭ̈menḗs)
πρᾱῠ̈μενῶς (prāŭ̈menôs)
πρᾱῠ̈́μητῐς (prāŭ̈́mētĭs)
πρᾱῠ̈́νοος (prāŭ̈́noos)
πρᾱ́ῠ̈νσῐς (prā́ŭ̈nsĭs)
πρᾱῠ̈ντέον (prāŭ̈ntéon)
πρᾱῠ̈ντής (prāŭ̈ntḗs)
πρᾱῠ̈ντῐκός (prāŭ̈ntĭkós)
πρᾱῠ̈́νω (prāŭ̈́nō)
πρᾱῠ̈πᾰ́θειᾱ (prāŭ̈pắtheiā)
πρᾱῠ̈πᾰθέω (prāŭ̈păthéō)
πρᾱῠ̈πᾰθής (prāŭ̈păthḗs)
πρᾱῠ̈πᾰθῐ́ᾱ (prāŭ̈păthĭ́ā)
πρᾱῠ̈πᾰθῶ (prāŭ̈păthô)
πρᾱῠ̈σμός (prāŭ̈smós)
πρᾱῠ̈τένων (prāŭ̈ténōn)
πρᾱῠ̈́της (prāŭ̈́tēs)
πρᾱῠ̈́τοκος (prāŭ̈́tokos)
πρᾱῠ̈́τροπος (prāŭ̈́tropos)
πρᾱῠ̈́φρων (prāŭ̈́phrōn)
πρᾱ́ως (prā́ōs)
πρευμενής (preumenḗs)
σῠμπρᾱῠ̈́νομαι (sŭmprāŭ̈́nomai)
ῠ̔ποπρᾱῠ̈́νω (hŭpoprāŭ̈́nō)

References

“πρᾶος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“πρᾶος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
G4239 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
πρᾶος in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- amiable idem, page 27.
- bland idem, page 81.
- clement idem, page 137.
- gentle idem, page 357.
- good idem, page 366.
- gracious idem, page 368.
- humane idem, page 409.
- indulgent idem, page 435.
- kind idem, page 469.
- lenient idem, page 485.
- meek idem, page 522.
- merciful idem, page 525.
- mild idem, page 529.
- pacific idem, page 588.
- patient idem, page 598.
- placable idem, page 615.
- smooth idem, page 788.
- suave idem, page 830.
- sweet idem, page 848.
- tender idem, page 861.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch